Reshaping Future Architecture Approaches Using Shipping Containers: Student Housing as a Case Study

Pandemic diseases spread globally causing psychological and physical destruction to people in the whole world. COVID-19 is one of these diseases that started in the twentieth century and affected different nations in terms of economical, educational, cultural, safety, health and other aspects. Residential spaces have become dramatically important to control these types of pandemics as it is considered an environment that meets the needs of the residents throughout the quarantine period. The paper aims at reshaping future architecture approaches that can be applied during the design concept, construction and operation phases of residential units. These approaches are concluded with regard to space design, building materials such as prefabricated shipping containers, thermal comfort and self-sufficiency. The researchers fetch the reasons of contrast between the spread of shipping containers from one side and its un-usage from the other side. Moreover, all future implementations will be reviewed to apply the most benefits of containers. The paper is an attempt to explore the uses of prefabricated shipping containers to create architectural spaces that has higher standards of safety towards diseases and it also serves several functions and human activities not only on the scale of an individual building but also on a larger scale (students housing). It presents a future solution for a building or a group of buildings which are structurally stable, healthy and environmentally friendly. © 2022 WITPress. All rights reserved.

A Study of Emerging IoT Technologies for Handling Pandemic Challenges

Modern years, the Internet of Things (IoT) is mechanizing in abundant real-world functions such as smart transportation, smart business to build an individual life more accessible. IoT is the mainly used method in the previous decade in different functions. Deadly diseases always had severe effects unless they were well controlled. The latest knowledge with COVID-19 explains that by using a neat and speedy approach to deal with deadly diseases, avoid devastating of healthcare structures, and reduce the loss of valuable life. The elegant things are associated with wireless or wired communication, processing, computing, and monitoring dissimilar real-time situations. These things are varied and have low remembrance, less processing control. This article explains a summary of the system and the field of its function. The recent technology has supplied to manage previous closest diseases. From years ago, scientists, investigators, physicians, and healthcare specialists are using novel computer methods to resolve the mysteries of disease. The major objective is to study dissimilar innovation-based methods and methods that support handling deadly disease challenges that are further appropriate developments that can probably be utilized. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

A Study of Emerging IoT Technologies for Handling Pandemic Challenges

Modern years, the Internet of Things (IoT) is mechanizing in abundant real-world functions such as smart transportation, smart business to build an individual life more accessible. IoT is the mainly used method in the previous decade in different functions. Deadly diseases always had severe effects unless they were well controlled. The latest knowledge with COVID-19 explains that by using a neat and speedy approach to deal with deadly diseases, avoid devastating of healthcare structures, and reduce the loss of valuable life. The elegant things are associated with wireless or wired communication, processing, computing, and monitoring dissimilar real-time situations. These things are varied and have low remembrance, less processing control. This article explains a summary of the system and the field of its function. The recent technology has supplied to manage previous closest diseases. From years ago, scientists, investigators, physicians, and healthcare specialists are using novel computer methods to resolve the mysteries of disease. The major objective is to study dissimilar innovation-based methods and methods that support handling deadly disease challenges that are further appropriate developments that can probably be utilized. © 2023, The Author(s), under exclusive license to Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd.

Emerging Technologies for Handling Pandemic Challenges

Most pandemic burdens, for instance, genuine extreme respiratory conditions, pandemic flu start in animals, are invited on utilizing contaminations and are pushed to ascend by strategies for ecological, direct, or budgetary changes. In this, how mechanical and self-proceeding with structures and quick wearable enhancement and help social protection transport and the restorative administrations gathering of workers for the term of the COVID-19 pandemic are presented. For instance, mechanized and telerobotic structures altogether limit the danger of powerful issue transmission to forefront human administrations people through creation it possible to triage, survey, screen, and treat casualties from a protected division great deal occurrences of the recognize the clinical, planning, and science systems get together to resource the restorative administration’s structure, therapeutic administrations workers, and society all through the propelled disaster are presented. This section centers around computational strategies and real factors, artificial Intelligence (AI) and Big Data can help in dealing with the gigantic, unprecedented proportion of records got from open health surveillance, consistent plague flare-ups watching, vogue right now tossing/deciding, common condition briefing and invigorating from authoritative establishments and animals, and prosperity office utilization of information. © 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC.

Factors influencing the acquisition of COVID infection among high-risk contacts of COVID-19 patients in Madurai district-A case control study.

Introduction: COVID is a new disease; understanding the transmission dynamics and epidemiological characteristics may help in developing the effective control measures. The study is done 1. To determine the various factors influencing the acquisition of COVID-19 infection among high-risk contacts 2. To estimate the secondary attack rate among high-risk contacts 3. To determine the factors in COVID index cases influencing their secondary attack rate. Methodology: Unmatched case control study was conducted from March to August 2020 among 139 COVID index cases in Madurai district from March-May (Reference period) and their 50 COVID positive (cases), 551 COVID negative (controls) high-risk contacts. Case investigation form* and contact tracing Proforma*were used to collect data. Chi-square test and independent sample t test were used to find out the association. Univariate* and Multivariate logistic regression* were used to predict the risk of various factors in acquisition of COVID infection with the help of adjusted and unadjusted odds ratio. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Male contacts (P = 0.005, OR = 2.520), overcrowding (P = 0.007, OR = 3.810), and duration of exposure to index case (for 4-7 days P = 0.014, OR = 2.902, for >7 days P = 0.001, OR = 6.748 and for > 12 hours/day P = 0.000, OR = 5.543) were significant factors predicted to be associated with acquisition of COVID infection among high-risk contacts. Reproductive number (R0)* estimated was 1.3. Secondary attack rate (SAR)* estimated among high-risk contacts was 8.32%. Index cases whose outcome was death (P = 0.026); symptomatic index cases (P = 0.000), cases with fever (P = 0.001); sorethroat (P = 0.019); breathlessness (P = 0.010); cough (P = 0.006) and running nose (P = 0.002) had significantly higher mean SAR than their counterparts. Conclusion: Contacts with above said risk factors who were found to be more prone to infection could be given special focus to prevent the transmission in them.

Techno-Economic Evaluation of Stand-Alone Energy Supply to a Health Clinic Considering Pandemic Diseases (COVID-19) Challenge

The increase in the number of patients in health care centers boosts electricity consumption. Such a load jump also adversely affects the energy supply, in particular, in rural off-grid systems. To overcome the mentioned challenges, some innovative and practical approaches with available optimization tools should be employed. This study addresses the possibility of developing a challenge prediction-based method for optimizing a reliable and affordable hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) to aid with energy challenges associated with pandemic conditions. The results indicate that the PV/diesel/battery hybrid system with a maximum energy cost of $0.141/kWh and a renewable fraction of more than 50% can meet demand even during the most severe load jumps. Furthermore, the fuel constraints during pandemic years can increase the energy costs up to 2.5 times, and the required photovoltaic installation capacity by about four times. Due to the 20.1% PV output boost, Vertical-axis tracking systems are recommended in areas with limited PV installation space. It is concluded that, by considering the likely effects of pandemics, the supplied energy cost to the rural health clinic equipment and water treatment loads would be between $0.113-0.200/kWh.

Contact Tracing Incentive for COVID-19 and Other Pandemic Diseases From a Crowdsourcing Perspective.

Governments of the world have invested a lot of manpower and material resources to combat COVID-19 this year. At this moment, the most efficient way that could stop the epidemic is to leverage the contact tracing system to monitor people's daily contact information and isolate the close contacts of COVID-19. However, the contact tracing data usually contains people's sensitive information that they do not want to share with the contact tracing system and government. Conversely, the contact tracing system could perform better when it obtains more detailed contact tracing data. In this article, we treat the process of collecting contact tracing data from a crowdsourcing perspective in order to motivate users to contribute more contact tracing data and propose the incentive algorithm named CovidCrowd. Different from previous works where they ask users to contribute their data voluntarily, the government offers some reward to users who upload their contact tracing data to reimburse the privacy and data processing cost. We formulate the problem as a Stackelberg game and show there exists a Nash equilibrium for any user given the fixed reward value. Then, CovidCrowd computes the optimal reward value which could maximize the utility of the system. Finally, we conduct a large-scale simulation with thousands of users and evaluation with real-world data set. Both results show that CovidCrowd outperforms the benchmarks, e.g., the user participating level is improved by at least 13.2% for all evaluation scenarios.

Repurposing of Sitagliptin- Melittin Optimized Nanoformula against SARS-CoV-2: Antiviral Screening and Molecular Docking Studies.

The outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in China has become an urgent health and economic challenge. The objective of the current work was to evaluate the efficacy of the combined complex of Sitagliptin (SIT) with melittin (MEL) against SARS-CoV-2 virus. SIT-MEL nano-conjugates were optimized by a full three-factor bi-level (23) factorial design. In addition, SIT concentration (mM, X1), MEL concentration (mM, X2), and pH (X3) were selected as the critical factors. Particle size (nm, Y1) and zeta potential (mV, Y2) were assessed as responses. Characterization of the optimized formula for Fourier-transformed infrared (FTIR) was carried out. The optimized formula showed particle size and zeta potential values of 77.42 nm and 27.67 mV, respectively. When compared with SIT and MEL, the combination of SIT-MEL complex has shown anti-viral potential against isolate of SARS-CoV-2 with IC50 values of 8.439 µM with significant improvement (p < 0.001). In addition, the complex showed IC50 in vitro 3CL-protease inhibition with IC50 7.216 µM. Molecular docking has revealed that formula components have good predicted pocket accommodation of the SARS-CoV-2 3-CL protease. An optimized formulation of SIT-MEL could guarantee both enhanced delivery to the target cells and the enhanced cellular uptake with promising activities against SARS-CoV-2.

COVID­19 in Northern Italy: An integrative overview of factors possibly influencing the sharp increase of the outbreak (Review).

Italy is currently one of the countries seriously affected by the COVID­19 pandemic. As per 10 April 2020, 147,577 people were found positive in a total of 906,864 tests performed and 18,849 people lost their lives. Among all cases, 70.2% of positive, and 79.4% of deaths occurred in the provinces of Northern Italy (Lombardi, Emilia Romagna, Veneto and Piemonte), where the outbreak first started. Originally, it was considered that the high number of positive cases and deaths in Italy resulted from COVID­19 initially coming to Italy from China, its presumed country of origin. However, an analysis of the factors that played a role in the extent of this outbreak is needed. Evaluating which factors could be specific for a country and which might contribute the most is nevertheless complex, with accompanying high uncertainty. The purpose of this work is to discuss some of the possible contributing factors and their possible role in the relatively high infection and death rates in Northern Italy compared to other areas and countries.